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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

99
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
99
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

28
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
28
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

27
Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80%...
27
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

918
The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
918
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

35
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...
35
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

30
Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
30

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

21.5K

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Brian J McMahon1

  • 1Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, 4315 Diplomacy Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|November 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary care physicians should screen high-risk individuals for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Early detection and regular monitoring, including liver function tests and antiviral treatment when indicated, can manage chronic HBV and reduce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk.

Keywords:
Chronic hepatitis BManagementNatural history

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health concern.
  • High-risk populations, including individuals from endemic countries, require targeted screening.
  • Chronic HBV can lead to severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline screening recommendations for HBV in high-risk individuals.
  • To provide guidance for primary care physicians in managing chronic HBV patients.
  • To emphasize the importance of regular monitoring and timely antiviral therapy.

Main Methods:

  • The article proposes an algorithm for the evaluation and follow-up of patients with chronic HBV.
  • Recommendations include regular monitoring of liver function tests and HBV DNA levels every six months.
  • Liver ultrasounds every six months are advised for patients at high risk for HCC.

Main Results:

  • Screening for HBV should be universal among high-risk populations.
  • Primary care physicians can manage chronic HBV cases with specialist consultation when needed.
  • Antiviral medications can suppress HBV, resolve liver inflammation and fibrosis, and decrease HCC risk.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and consistent management of chronic HBV are crucial.
  • Adherence to practice guidelines ensures optimal patient outcomes.
  • Proactive screening and treatment can mitigate the long-term complications of HBV infection.