Intrinsic coupling modes: multiscale interactions in ongoing brain activity

Intrinsic coupling constitutes a key feature of ongoing brain activity, which exhibits rich spatiotemporal patterning and contains information that influences cognitive processing. We discuss evidence for two distinct types of intrinsic coupling modes which seem to reflect the operation of different coupling mechanisms. One type arises from phase coupling of band-limited oscillatory signals, whereas the other results from coupled aperiodic fluctuations of signal envelopes. The two coupling modes differ in their dynamics, their origins, and their putative functions and with respect to their alteration in neuropsychiatric disorders. We propose that the concept of intrinsic coupling modes can provide a unifying framework for capturing the dynamics of intrinsically generated neuronal interactions at multiple spatial and temporal scales.