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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Probing The Structure And Dynamics Of Nucleosomes Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging
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Probing The Structure And Dynamics Of Nucleosomes Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

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Dynamic DNA underpins chromosome dynamics.

Andrew Travers1

  • 1Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

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|November 26, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA dynamics are crucial for structural changes during transcription, replication, and recombination. Understanding base-step transitions and basepair opening reveals DNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA structural transitions are fundamental to key biological processes.
  • Understanding the dynamic nature of DNA is essential for comprehending these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the dynamics of base-step conformational transitions in DNA.
  • To elucidate the initial steps of DNA basepair opening.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced biophysical techniques to observe DNA dynamics.
  • Computational modeling to analyze conformational changes at the base-step level.

Main Results:

  • Provided a detailed description of base-step conformational transitions.
  • Characterized the initial molecular events leading to basepair opening.

Conclusions:

  • DNA dynamics play an essential role in structural transitions during transcription, replication, and recombination.
  • These findings are relevant to both bacterial and eukaryotic chromatin dynamics.