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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Combinatorial rules of precursor specification underlying olfactory neuron diversity.

Qingyun Li1, Tal Soo Ha2, Sumie Okuwa1

  • 1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|November 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) diversity in Drosophila arises from a combinatorial code. The transcription factor Rotund (Rn) subdivides precursor zones, exponentially increasing ORN diversity through nested, binary decisions.

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sensory neuron diversity is crucial for environmental detection.
  • Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) achieve unique identities by expressing single receptor genes.
  • Drosophila generates ~50 ORN classes from precursor cells in distinct antennal clusters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the developmental mechanisms generating olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) diversity in Drosophila.
  • To investigate the role of transcription factors in patterning ORN precursor states.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcription factor expression patterns in Drosophila olfactory precursors.
  • Investigating the function of the transcription factor Rotund (Rn) in ORN fate determination.
  • Examining gene expression changes in rn mutants.

Main Results:

  • A nested and binary code involving transcription factors patterns ORN precursor states.
  • The transcription factor Rotund (Rn) subdivides antennal precursor zones.
  • Rn expression dramatically increases ORN diversity by creating new precursor fates.

Conclusions:

  • A combinatorial code of transcription factors generates diverse precursor identities.
  • This system modulates ORN diversity during development and evolution.
  • A model is proposed for how nested, binary transcription factor changes pattern precursor identities.