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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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The outermost layers of prokaryotic cells play a critical role in their survival, virulence, and interaction with the environment. These layers, often composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or proteins, form protective and adhesive structures that vary in organization and function.Capsules and Slime LayersCapsules are highly organized, tightly bound layers that firmly attach to the bacterial cell wall. Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides, though some are made of polypeptides. These...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin
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Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

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sPLA2 and the epidermal barrier.

Dusko Ilic1, James M Bollinger2, Michael Gelb2

  • 1Human Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|November 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes are crucial for skin barrier function. The sPLA2-IIF isoform specifically aids in stratum corneum acidification, essential for epidermal development and barrier repair.

Keywords:
LipidsPermeability barrierSecretory phospholipaseStratum corneumpHsPLA2

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The mammalian epidermis acts as a vital protective barrier against environmental factors.
  • Lipid bilayers in the epidermis form a major barrier preventing water loss and pathogen entry.
  • Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes regulate skin processes like inflammation and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of sPLA2 enzymes in epidermal barrier formation and homeostasis.
  • To identify specific sPLA2 isoforms involved in stratum corneum (SC) acidification and barrier function.
  • To elucidate the function of sPLA2-IIF in epidermal development and recovery from barrier disruption.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of sPLA2 isoform localization in the epidermis.
  • Experimental perturbation of the epidermal barrier.
  • Assessment of SC pH in wild-type and sPLA2F(-/-) mice.
  • Monitoring recovery rates after barrier disruption.

Main Results:

  • sPLA2 IIA and sPLA2 IIF isoforms are found in the upper stratum granulosum and their levels increase upon barrier perturbation.
  • Mice lacking sPLA2-IIF (sPLA2F(-/-)) exhibit a more neutral SC pH compared to normal littermates.
  • sPLA2F(-/-) mice show delayed initial recovery from experimental barrier perturbation.

Conclusions:

  • sPLA2 enzymes play significant roles in epidermal development and barrier maintenance.
  • The sPLA2-IIF isoform is critical for regulating SC acidification and ensuring optimal epidermal barrier function.
  • Targeting sPLA2 enzymes may offer therapeutic potential for skin barrier disorders.