Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Independent Assortment

While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Multiple Allele Traits

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Retraction Note: Dynamin 2 mediates PDGFRα-SHP-2-promoted glioblastoma growth and invasion.

Oncogene·2025

Same author

Quantifying the effectiveness of ultraviolet-C light at inactivating airborne Mycobacterium abscessus.

The Journal of hospital infection·2022

Same author

Investigating surface binding effects: antibacterial efficacy of bound 8-hydroxyquinoline against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Journal of applied microbiology·2021

Same author

Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening.

Journal of aerosol science·2020

Same author

Thermionic Cooling of the Target Plasma to a Sub-eV Temperature.

Physical review letters·2019

Same author

First Report of Swiss Needle Cast Caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii on Douglas-Fir in Turkey.

Plant disease·2019

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

Two-locus theory in recurrent selection for general combining ability in maize.

¹DEKALB AgResearch, Inc., Thomasboro, Ill., USA.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik

|November 26, 2013

Summary

Recurrent selection for maize general combining ability is influenced by linkage disequilibrium. Introducing random mating before selection cycles mitigates this effect, improving selection progress.

More Related Videos

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Published on: March 5, 2017

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Published on: July 29, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Published on: March 5, 2017

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

Published on: July 29, 2019

Area of Science:

Plant breeding
Quantitative genetics
Maize genetics

Background:

Recurrent selection is a key breeding strategy for improving quantitative traits like general combining ability (GCA).
Understanding the genetic architecture, including linkage disequilibrium, is crucial for optimizing selection efficiency in maize breeding programs.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a two-locus theory for recurrent selection targeting general combining ability in maize.
To investigate the impact of linkage disequilibrium and random mating on selection progress.

Main Methods:

Development of a two-locus theoretical model.
Incorporation of recombination in selfed progeny of selected parents.
Modeling of linkage disequilibrium in the initial gametic array.

Main Results:

Initial linkage disequilibrium has a lasting effect on selection progress for GCA.
Interspersing random mating generations between selection cycles reduces the permanent influence of linkage disequilibrium.
Pre-selection random mating is more effective at removing linkage disequilibrium's impact than inter-cycle random mating.

Conclusions:

Linkage disequilibrium significantly impacts recurrent selection for GCA in maize.
Strategic implementation of random mating can enhance the efficiency of selection programs.
The timing of random mating relative to selection cycles is critical for maximizing genetic gain.