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The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Preparation of Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Potential Cytoplasm Replacement Therapy
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Plasmatubules: an alternative to transfer cells?

N Harris1, K J Oparka, D J Walker-Smith

  • 1Department of Botany, University of Durham, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK.

Planta
|November 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Barley scutellar epithelial cells feature unique tubular evaginations called plasmatubules. These structures may amplify membrane function for short-term solute flux, offering an alternative to transfer cells.

Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Plant physiology
  • Plant anatomy

Background:

  • Scutellar epithelial cells in barley play a crucial role in nutrient transport.
  • These cells exhibit unique membrane structures involved in solute flux.
  • Understanding these structures is key to comprehending nutrient uptake mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and characterize tubular evaginations of the plasmalemma in barley scutellar epithelial cells.
  • To investigate the functional role of these evaginations in solute transport.
  • To propose a new term for these specific structures.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic observation of barley scutellar epithelial cells.
  • Differential uptake assays using fluorescent dyes (fluorescein and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid) to trace symplastic and apoplastic movement.

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  • Analysis of cell wall development and membrane structures.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified tubular evaginations of the plasmalemma, termed plasmatubules.
    • Confirmed the boundary between apoplast and symplast within these cells using differential dye uptake.
    • Observed that plasmatubules lack the characteristic wall development of transfer cells.

    Conclusions:

    • Plasmatubules are distinct structures in barley scutellar epithelial cells, differing from general plasmalemmasomes.
    • These plasmatubules likely function in membrane amplification for short-term solute flux.
    • Plasmatubules represent a transient, alternative mechanism to transfer cells for managing solute transport.