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The testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads. They are housed within the scrotum, a sac-like structure located beneath the penis. The scrotum's primary role is to regulate the temperature of the testes, which is crucial for sperm production.
Each testis is surrounded by the tunica albuginea, a dense connective tissue layer that provides structural support and protection. This layer is covered by an outer serous membrane called the tunica vaginalis, which helps reduce friction...
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A tough, fibrous membrane, the tunica albuginea, covers the testes, extending inward to form fibrous partitions or septa, dividing them into internal compartments called lobules. Each lobule has 1 to 3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm production occurs. These tubules merge into a tubular network at the back of the testis, known as the rete testis. It connects to 15 to 20 efferent ductules, leading to the epididymis.
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An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity
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Understanding and evaluating bovine testes.

John P Kastelic1

  • 1Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Theriogenology
|November 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Scrotal circumference is key for bull fertility, with nutrition impacting testis size and sperm production. Early nutrition hastens puberty and boosts sperm output, while later high-energy diets can harm semen quality.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Science
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Animal Science

Background:

  • Scrotal circumference (SC) is a primary indicator of testicular size and heritability in bulls.
  • Larger SC correlates with earlier puberty, increased sperm count, and improved semen morphology.
  • SC is a critical factor for breeding soundness evaluations in bulls.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for assessing bovine testes and their reproductive function.
  • To emphasize the significance of scrotal circumference and its influencing factors.
  • To highlight clinical assessment techniques for bull fertility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature, with an emphasis on articles from Theriogenology.
  • Analysis of scrotal circumference measurements and their correlation with reproductive traits.
Keywords:
Breeding soundness evaluationBullPubertySpermTesticle

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  • Examination of nutritional impacts on puberty onset and testicular development.
  • Discussion of thermoregulation in testes and the role of infrared thermography.
  • Inclusion of ultrasonography for assessing testicular and scrotal lesions.

    • Main Results:

    • Adequate nutrition (130% of maintenance) from 8-30 weeks of age hastens puberty and increases sperm production by 20-30%.
    • High-energy diets post-weaning can negatively impact sperm production and semen quality.
    • Testicular temperature is maintained 2-6 °C below core body temperature for optimal sperm fertility.
    • Infrared thermography and ultrasonography are valuable non-invasive tools for breeding soundness evaluations.

    Conclusions:

    • Testis size and function are crucial for bull fertility.
    • Nutritional management significantly influences testicular development and sperm production.
    • Clinical assessments, including SC, thermography, and ultrasonography, are effective for evaluating bull reproductive health.