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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

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Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
34
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

34
Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
34
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

28
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
13:13

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Update on neonatal hypoglycemia.

Paul J Rozance1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|November 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia remains challenging. While some studies show no neurodevelopmental harm from low glucose, others highlight risks associated with hyperinsulinism, requiring careful balance.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common biochemical abnormality in newborns.
  • Current definitions and management strategies, particularly for asymptomatic infants, are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the incidence, timing, and neurodevelopmental outcomes of asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia.
  • To explore advances in the diagnosis and management of hyperinsulinism in at-risk newborns.
  • To discuss the ongoing challenges in balancing treatment risks and benefits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent publications on neonatal hypoglycemia.
  • Analysis of prospective studies on glucose concentrations and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • Evaluation of new diagnostic and management approaches for hyperinsulinism.

Main Results:

  • New data clarify the incidence and timing of low glucose in at-risk asymptomatic infants.
  • A large prospective study found no link between repetitive low glucose and poor neurodevelopment in preterm infants.
  • Hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism, especially genetic forms, remains associated with brain injury.
  • Advances include diagnosing and managing acquired hyperinsulinism in small for gestational age infants.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal management of asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia is still undetermined.
  • Clinicians face the challenge of differentiating normal transitional low glucose from pathological hypoglycemia.
  • Careful consideration is needed to avoid overtreatment or undertreatment, given the potential for serious metabolic disease.