The vertical mosaic in later life: ethnicity and retirement in Canada

Given the distinctive historical experiences, cultural features, and status positions of the diverse ethnic groups in Canadian society, we anticipate that these differences will influence the retirement behavior and conditions of their members. This paper examines the effects of ethnic group membership for immigrants to Canada on the timing of retirement and the sources and amounts of retirement income using data from the Public Use Sample of the 1981 Census of Canada. Separate but parallel analyses are conducted for men and women to take into account their distinctive labor force experiences. We find that membership in Asian, African, or Latin American ethnic groups is associated with both later retirement and a lower probability of receiving social insurance and private pension benefits, as well as appreciably lower income among elderly men. This is likely the result of changes in pension legislation in the 1960s and 1970s reducing benefits to recent immigrants.