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Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist of two independent and interacting polysaccharide networks: a pectin matrix that embeds the second network comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.
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Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Real-time Imaging of Plant Cell Surface Dynamics with Variable-angle Epifluorescence Microscopy
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Formins: emerging players in the dynamic plant cell cortex.

Fatima Cvrčková1

  • 1Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic.

Scientifica
|November 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Formins, essential FH2 proteins, regulate plant cell structure and signaling. Plant formins, with diverse domains, are key to coordinating actin and microtubule networks for morphogenesis.

Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Cytoskeletal dynamics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Formins (FH2 proteins) are conserved eukaryotic proteins primarily known as actin nucleators.
  • They also play roles in cytoskeletal organization, signaling, and cross-talk between actin and microtubule networks.
  • Plants exhibit unique formin domain organizations, with two main clades (Class I and Class II) involved in membrane association.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of plant formins in cytoskeletal organization and cell morphogenesis.
  • To investigate the potential of plant formins as mediators coordinating actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.
  • To understand the attachment of cytoskeletal elements to the plasma membrane in plants.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of formin domain diversity in plants.

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  • Comparative genomics of formin gene families in seed plants.
  • Literature review of experimental studies on plant formin function.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified two distinct clades of formins in seed plants (Class I and Class II) with unique domain architectures.
    • Class I formins are often transmembrane proteins, while Class II formins possess a putative membrane-binding domain.
    • Plant formins are implicated in coordinating cortical actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and their plasma membrane attachment.

    Conclusions:

    • Plant formins, particularly Class II members, are strong candidates for mediating cytoskeletal-plasma membrane interactions.
    • These interactions are crucial for cell cortex organization and are likely important for plant cell and tissue morphogenesis.
    • Despite challenges from gene redundancy, ongoing research is yielding significant insights into plant formin functions.