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Cardiovascular disease and bridging the diagnostic gap.

John Kelly Wachira1, Tom P Stys

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Summary

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death. This review examines CVD risk factors, assessment tools, and screening methods like coronary artery calcium (CAC) for early detection and prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Preventative Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality worldwide, presenting a significant global health challenge.
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD), the most common form of CVD, is the leading cause of death in the U.S. for both men and women.
  • Current preventative strategies heavily rely on risk stratification and early disease detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive review of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
  • To evaluate existing risk assessment and screening tools for early CVD detection.
  • To highlight the emerging role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in improving cardiovascular event prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CVD risk factors, assessment tools, and screening modalities.
  • Analysis of established risk calculators (e.g., Framingham Heart Score, PROCAM, SCORE).
  • Examination of non-invasive imaging techniques, specifically coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring.

Main Results:

  • Traditional risk assessment tools provide multi-factorial absolute risk estimations for CVD.
  • Coronary artery calcium (CAC) has emerged as a promising non-invasive method for enhancing the prediction of future cardiovascular events.
  • The review synthesizes current knowledge on risk stratification and screening for early CVD detection.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate and sensitive risk assessment and screening tools are crucial for bridging the diagnostic gap in CVD.
  • Early detection of CVD through improved risk stratification and screening can facilitate timely intervention.
  • The ultimate goal is to reduce CVD incidence through early detection, risk factor modification, and prevention strategies.