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Related Concept Videos

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Dementia01:30

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function.
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Alzheimer disease: current concepts & future directions.

Erik S Musiek1, Suzanne E Schindler

  • 1Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA. musieke@neuro.wustl.edu

Missouri Medicine
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Alzheimer disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia in older adults. This review covers current diagnostic and management strategies, alongside emerging research and future treatments for AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Neurology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia among individuals over 65.
  • The aging population in the United States is projected to significantly increase the public health burden of AD over the next 30 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic approaches for Alzheimer disease.
  • To summarize established management strategies for Alzheimer disease.
  • To discuss ongoing clinical research and future therapeutic avenues for combating Alzheimer disease.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer disease.
  • Analysis of current clinical guidelines for Alzheimer disease management.
  • Survey of active clinical trials and preclinical research in Alzheimer disease therapeutics.

Main Results:

  • Current diagnostic strategies rely on a combination of clinical assessment, cognitive testing, and biomarkers.
  • Management focuses on symptomatic relief and supportive care, with limited disease-modifying options.
  • Significant research is underway exploring novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools.

Conclusions:

  • Effective diagnosis and management of Alzheimer disease are critical public health priorities.
  • Continued research into early detection and innovative treatments is essential to address the growing AD epidemic.
  • Future therapeutic directions hold promise for altering the course of this devastating neurodegenerative condition.