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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis
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Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

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Aging is associated with highly defined epigenetic changes in the human epidermis.

Günter Raddatz, Sabine Hagemann, Dvir Aran

    Epigenetics & Chromatin
    |November 28, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Human skin aging involves localized epigenetic changes, not global ones. These DNA methylation alterations affect gene expression in skin homeostasis, impacting regulatory elements.

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    Last Updated: May 5, 2026

    Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis
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    Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
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    Area of Science:

    • Epigenetics
    • Genomics
    • Dermatology

    Background:

    • Altered DNA methylation patterns are linked to human aging phenotypes.
    • Previous studies noted complex age-related methylation changes, but their significance is unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize age-related gene expression and DNA methylation changes in human epidermis.
    • To understand the structural and functional significance of these age-related epigenetic alterations.

    Main Methods:

    • Transcriptome sequencing to identify age-related gene expression changes.
    • Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing for single-base resolution methylation analysis.
    • Analysis focused on promoter and enhancer regions.

    Main Results:

    • Identified 75 differentially expressed genes related to skin homeostasis.
    • Found no global DNA methylation aberrations with aging.
    • Observed localized methylation changes in regulatory regions associated with altered gene expression.

    Conclusions:

    • The fundamental developmental program of human skin remains stable during aging.
    • Aging is associated with limited epigenetic destabilization, primarily at gene regulatory elements.