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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Electromagnetic Fields01:30

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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
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The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
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Human disease resulting from exposure to electromagnetic fields.

David O Carpenter

    Reviews on Environmental Health
    |November 28, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from electricity and radiofrequency (RF) devices may increase risks for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and male infertility. Further research is needed to understand the full health impacts of EMF exposure.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental health
    • Electromagnetic field exposure
    • Public health

    Background:

    • Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) encompass a wide spectrum, from cosmic rays to radiofrequency (RF) radiation.
    • High-frequency EMFs can cause cancer, but health risks from RF EMFs and electricity-related fields remain debated.
    • Increased use of wireless devices heightens concerns about EMF exposure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review evidence on potential human health hazards associated with electromagnetic fields (EMFs).
    • To assess risks linked to radiofrequency (RF) EMFs and electricity-related fields.
    • To discuss the impact of various exposure sources and existing standards.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of scientific evidence on EMF health effects.

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  • Synthesis of data concerning magnetic fields from power lines and RF radiation from wireless devices.
  • Analysis of studies on cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infertility, and neurobehavioral abnormalities.

    • Main Results:

    • Excessive exposure to magnetic fields is linked to increased risk of certain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.
    • Excessive exposure to RF radiation is associated with increased risk of cancer, male infertility, and neurobehavioral abnormalities.
    • Significant variation exists in exposure standards and the relative impact of different EMF sources.

    Conclusions:

    • Evidence suggests potential health risks from excessive EMF exposure, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
    • Concerns regarding RF radiation and male infertility, as well as neurobehavioral effects, warrant further investigation.
    • The societal costs of inaction on EMF exposure mitigation may be substantial.