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Using Ustilago maydis as a Trojan Horse for In Situ Delivery of Maize Proteins
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Maize developmental stage affects indirect and direct defense expression.

Elizabeth James Bosak1, Irmgard H Seidl-Adams, Jun Zhu

  • 1Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Environmental Entomology
|November 28, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maize plants show distinct defense strategies against herbivores across different growth stages. Seedling (v1) and juvenile (v3) maize exhibit varying levels of direct and indirect defenses, impacting insect performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Insect-plant interactions
  • Chemical ecology

Background:

  • Plants employ direct and indirect defenses against herbivores.
  • Understanding plant defense expression throughout ontogeny is crucial.
  • Maize defense mechanisms in early vegetative stages require further characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize direct and indirect defense profiles in two vegetative stages of maize (v1 and v3).
  • To compare the expression of volatiles and proteinase inhibitors between v1 and v3 maize plants under herbivory.

Main Methods:

  • Maize plants at v1 and v3 stages were subjected to artificial herbivory and caterpillar feeding.
  • Plant headspace volatiles were measured to assess indirect defenses.
  • Proteinase inhibitor (PI) transcript levels and larval performance were quantified for direct defenses.

Main Results:

  • Artificial herbivory induced volatiles in both v1 and v3 maize, with greater induction in v3.
  • While total volatile production per fresh weight was similar, v1 produced fewer volatiles per plant.
  • Jasmonic acid levels increased similarly in both stages; v1 plants showed higher cystatin-like PI transcripts and reduced larval mass.

Conclusions:

  • Direct and indirect defense mechanisms in maize differ significantly between seedling (v1) and juvenile (v3) stages.
  • Maize seedling defenses may rely more on direct mechanisms (e.g., cystatin-like PIs) leading to reduced herbivore performance.
  • Ontogenetic shifts in plant defenses influence plant-herbivore interactions.