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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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The tissue selective estrogen complex: a promising new menopausal therapy.

Barry S Komm1, Sebastian Mirkin

  • 1Women's Health, Pfizer Inc., 500 Arcola Rd., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA. Barry.Komm@pfizer.com.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC) offers a new option for menopausal symptom relief. Bazedoxifene (BZA) combined with conjugated estrogens (CE) effectively treats hot flashes and vaginal atrophy while protecting bone and reproductive health.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menopause presents health challenges like vasomotor symptoms, vulvar/vaginal atrophy (VVA), and osteoporosis.
  • Estrogen therapy (ET) and estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) are standard treatments but carry safety concerns.
  • Alternative therapies are needed to manage menopausal symptoms and prevent bone loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC) agents for menopausal symptom management.
  • To assess the effectiveness of bazedoxifene (BZA) combined with conjugated estrogens (CE) in treating non-hysterectomized, postmenopausal women.
  • To compare the safety and tolerability profile of BZA/CE with conventional EPT.

Main Methods:

  • Phase 3 clinical trials were conducted to assess BZA/CE efficacy and safety.
  • Dosages evaluated included BZA 20 mg/CE 0.45 mg and BZA 20 mg/CE 0.625 mg.
  • Outcomes measured included reduction in hot flashes, VVA symptom relief, bone mass maintenance, and endometrial/breast safety.

Main Results:

  • BZA/CE demonstrated efficacy in reducing hot flush frequency and severity.
  • Significant relief from vulvar/vaginal atrophy symptoms was observed.
  • Bone mass was maintained, and the endometrium and breast were protected.
  • Higher rates of amenorrhea and lower incidences of breast pain were noted compared to EPT.

Conclusions:

  • BZA/CE is an effective treatment for menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes and VVA.
  • This TSEC formulation shows a favorable safety and tolerability profile.
  • BZA/CE represents a promising alternative to traditional EPT for eligible postmenopausal women.