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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Related Experiment Video

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Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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Mitochondrial function in pluripotent stem cells and cellular reprogramming.

Raul Bukowiecki1, James Adjaye, Alessandro Prigione

  • 1Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.

Gerontology
|November 28, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria undergo significant changes during cellular reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Understanding these mitochondrial dynamics is key for stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Stem Cell Science

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital organelles involved in cellular functions like energy production and apoptosis.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) display unique mitochondrial characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on mitochondrial features in PSCs.
  • To discuss mitochondrial restructuring during cellular reprogramming into induced PSCs (iPSCs).
  • To explore the implications for stem cell biology, aging, and regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on mitochondria in PSCs and during reprogramming.
  • Analysis of changes in mitochondrial number, morphology, activity, metabolism, and mtDNA integrity.
  • Discussion of the functional significance of these mitochondrial alterations.

Main Results:

  • Cellular reprogramming into iPSCs involves extensive mitochondrial restructuring.
  • These changes affect mitochondrial number, morphology, activity, metabolism, and mtDNA integrity.
  • PSCs possess distinct mitochondrial properties crucial for their self-renewal and differentiation potential.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial dynamics are integral to stemness and cellular identity.
  • Modulating mitochondrial properties in PSCs may advance regenerative medicine.
  • Further research into mitochondrial roles in PSCs can illuminate aging and differentiation processes.