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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Genetic Drift03:33

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Antagonistic selection factors induce a continuous population divergence in a polymorphism.

Y Takahashi1, N Nagata2, M Kawata2

  • 1Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, International Advanced Research and Education Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.

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Summary

In damselflies, antagonistic selection, not chance, drives geographic color morph changes. This research clarifies how opposing evolutionary pressures shape species adaptation and divergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics
  • Ecological Genetics

Background:

  • Disentangling selection and stochasticity in adaptive trait divergence is challenging, especially with multiple simultaneous selective pressures on a single locus.
  • Geographic variation in female color dimorphism in the damselfly Ischnura senegalensis presents a model system to study these evolutionary forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the roles of selection and stochastic factors in the population divergence of color morph frequencies in Ischnura senegalensis.
  • To compare divergence patterns at a color locus with those at neutral loci to infer evolutionary mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Population pairwise FST comparisons between neutral loci and the color locus.
  • Analysis of selection types (balancing vs. divergent) by incorporating geographical distance between populations.

Main Results:

  • No evidence for stochastic factors influencing the color locus when comparing FST values across all populations.
  • Divergent selection was detected when considering all populations together.
  • The presence of two antagonistic selective factors, balancing and divergent selection, was identified when geographical distance was factored into the analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Geographic clines in damselfly color morph frequencies are primarily established by a combination of antagonistic selective factors.
  • Stochastic factors do not appear to be the main drivers of observed morph frequency divergence in this system.
  • The study highlights the complex interplay of selection in shaping adaptive trait variation within populations.