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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
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Parallel evolution of chordate cis-regulatory code for development.

Laura Doglio1, Debbie K Goode, Maria C Pelleri

  • 1Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom.

Plos Genetics
|November 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified conserved non-coding elements (ciCNEs) in urochordates, similar to those in vertebrates. These ciCNEs regulate gene expression in both urochordate and vertebrate embryos, revealing conserved regulatory logic despite evolutionary divergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Comparative genomics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Urochordates are key outgroups for understanding vertebrate origins.
  • Conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) are crucial for vertebrate embryonic patterning.
  • Urochordate CNEs and their regulatory roles remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize urochordate conserved non-coding elements (ciCNEs).
  • To investigate the evolutionary conservation of cis-regulatory elements between urochordates and vertebrates.
  • To understand the functional conservation of regulatory elements across divergent species.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide comparative analysis of Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi genomes.
  • Identification of Ciona conserved non-coding elements (ciCNEs).
  • Reporter gene assays in both Ciona and zebrafish embryos to test enhancer activity.

Main Results:

  • Identified putative urochordate cis-regulatory sequences (ciCNEs) associated with key developmental genes.
  • Demonstrated that some ciCNEs can activate reporter gene expression in both Ciona and zebrafish embryos.
  • Showed functional cross-talk mediated by conserved transcription factors, despite sequence divergence and different cis-regulatory module organization.

Conclusions:

  • Urochordate and vertebrate cis-regulatory element organization differs significantly, reflecting distinct evolutionary paths.
  • Functional conservation of gene regulation exists between urochordates and vertebrates, likely due to shared transcription factor repertoires.
  • Understanding these conserved regulatory elements provides insights into the evolution of chordate development.