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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
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Thinking in a straight line.

David W Chambers

    The Journal of the American College of Dentists
    |November 29, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    This essay explores 33 manipulative techniques used to obscure rational discourse. It highlights how logical fallacies and fabricated arguments are employed to sway opinions and avoid critical thinking.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Science
    • Rhetoric
    • Philosophy of Mind

    Background:

    • Rational discourse is often desired but not always practiced.
    • Deviations from logic can be intentional and strategic.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To catalog and illustrate common methods of flawed reasoning.
    • To provide a resource for identifying and understanding cognitive biases and rhetorical fallacies.

    Main Methods:

    • Compilation of 33 distinct logical fallacies and deceptive argumentation tactics.
    • Explanations and illustrative examples for each technique.

    Main Results:

    • Categorization of various tools used to impede straight thinking.
    • Demonstration of how fallacies and fabrications are practically applied.

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    Conclusions:

    • Understanding these tools is crucial for critical evaluation of arguments.
    • Awareness of these techniques can help in fostering more rational discourse.