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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Interview: from Down's syndrome to basic epigenetics and back again.

Jeanne Lawrence1, Caroline Telfer

  • 1Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. jeanne.lawrence@umassmed.edu.

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|November 29, 2013
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This summary is machine-generated.

Dr. Jeanne Lawrence

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Genome Regulation
  • Noncoding RNA Biology
  • Chromosome Organization

Background:

  • Dr. Lawrence's career focuses on chromosome regulation by noncoding RNA and nuclear organization.
  • Her work integrates fundamental genome regulation with epigenetic clinical implications.
  • She is recognized for developing sensitive FISH technology for gene and RNA detection.

Discussion:

  • Her lab demonstrated cell type-specific gene organization and the role of XIST noncoding RNA in X-chromosome silencing.
  • Research revealed a novel architectural role for noncoding RNA in scaffolding nuclear bodies.
  • Studies explored repeat sequences in chromosome regulation and cancer deregulation.

Key Insights:

  • Epigenetic regulation in stem cells.
  • Unanticipated roles of repeat sequences in chromosome regulation and cancer.
  • Translating X-chromosome inactivation mechanisms to correct trisomy 21 dosage imbalance.

Outlook:

  • Potential for novel therapeutic strategies targeting chromosomal abnormalities.
  • Advancing understanding of noncoding RNA functions in genome stability.
  • Bridging basic science discoveries with clinical applications in genetic disorders.