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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
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Hemodynamically significant venous collapse underlying neonatal hydrocephalus.

Grant A Bateman1

  • 1Department of Medical Imaging, John Hunter Hospital; and Newcastle University Faculty of Health, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
|November 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal hydrocephalus involves elevated vascular resistance, potentially due to venous sinus compression. CSF diversion improves cerebral blood flow by reducing this resistance, indicating the venous sinuses are a key factor.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Neonatal hydrocephalus is characterized by increased intracranial pressure.
  • Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is elevated following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion.
  • This suggests a reversible increase in vascular resistance contributes to the condition.

Observation:

  • A retrospective review of 3-Tesla MRI scans (including MR venography and susceptibility weighted imaging) was conducted.
  • Patients were neonates (first 28 days of life) diagnosed with hydrocephalus.
  • Measurements of subependymal vein and transverse sinus size were compared to controls.

Findings:

  • Subependymal veins were twice as prominent in hydrocephalic neonates compared to controls.
  • Transverse sinuses were half the size in hydrocephalic neonates versus controls.
  • These findings indicate venous sinus compression is a significant factor.

Implications:

  • The primary site of hemodynamically significant vascular resistance in neonatal hydrocephalus is identified as the venous sinuses.
  • Understanding this vascular compression is crucial for managing neonatal hydrocephalus.
  • Targeting venous sinus abnormalities may offer new therapeutic strategies.