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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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The relationship of fatigue, cardiac structure and function, and outcomes in heart failure: The ARIC study.

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Updated: May 5, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: an ongoing enigma.

Lisa J Rose-Jones1, John J Rommel, Patricia P Chang

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 160 Dental Circle, 6th Floor Burnett-Womack Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7075, USA.

Cardiology Clinics
|November 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) presents with heart failure symptoms but normal ejection fraction. Research is ongoing to understand HFpEF mechanisms and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Diastolic dysfunctionHFpEFHeart failurePreserved ejection fractionReview

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a significant clinical syndrome.
  • It is characterized by heart failure symptoms, elevated left ventricular filling pressures, and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
  • The underlying mechanisms of HFpEF remain incompletely understood, with end-diastolic ventricular stiffness not being the sole factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and current treatment strategies for HFpEF.
  • To highlight the substantial mortality and healthcare costs associated with HFpEF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies and clinical practice guidelines.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of current therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • HFpEF is associated with significant mortality and high healthcare expenditures due to hospitalizations and readmissions.
  • Current treatment guidelines emphasize managing volume overload, controlling hypertension, and addressing contributing comorbid conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Despite challenges in understanding its exact mechanisms, HFpEF requires comprehensive management strategies.
  • Focus on guideline-directed therapies for volume management, hypertension control, and comorbid conditions is crucial for decompensation in HFpEF patients.