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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
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The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Azoospermia due to spermatogenic failure.

Boback M Berookhim1, Peter N Schlegel

  • 1Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.

The Urologic Clinics of North America
|November 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review covers azoospermia due to spermatogenic failure, exploring its causes, genetics, and current medical and surgical treatments. Future therapies like stem cell and gene therapy offer new hope for inducing sperm production.

Keywords:
GeneticsMale infertilityMedical therapyMicrodissection-TESE (microTESE)Nonobstructive azoospermiaTesticular sperm extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Genetics
  • Urology

Background:

  • Azoospermia, the absence of sperm in ejaculate, is often caused by spermatogenic failure.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of spermatogenic failure is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
  • Current literature provides insights into various etiological factors contributing to impaired sperm production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current literature on azoospermia resulting from spermatogenic failure.
  • To review the causes, genetic factors, and therapeutic interventions for spermatogenic failure.
  • To discuss future treatment modalities for men with azoospermia.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on azoospermia and spermatogenic failure.
  • Analysis of genetic contributions and etiological factors.
  • Evaluation of medical and surgical treatment options, including hormonal therapy and sperm retrieval techniques.

Main Results:

  • Identified key causes and genetic factors contributing to spermatogenic failure.
  • Detailed current medical therapies (hormonal manipulation) and surgical interventions (varicocelectomy, testicular sperm extraction).
  • Highlighted the efficacy and techniques of surgical sperm retrieval methods like microdissection testicular sperm extraction.

Conclusions:

  • Spermatogenic failure leading to azoospermia is a complex condition with diverse causes.
  • A combination of medical and surgical approaches offers viable treatment options.
  • Emerging therapies such as stem cell and gene therapy hold promise for future advancements in treating male infertility.