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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Spectrophotometry: Introduction01:16

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Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the absorption, reflection, diffraction, or transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a material as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the radiation. A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the change in the radiation intensity caused by its interaction with the material.
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UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes
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Proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy to predict soil properties using windows and full-spectrum analysis methods.

Hafiz Sultan Mahmood1, Willem B Hoogmoed, Eldert J van Henten

  • 1Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 317, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands. sultan_fmi@hotmail.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy accurately predicts soil properties like clay and nitrogen in conventional fields. This technology aids precision agriculture by providing fine-scale soil data, especially for topsoil analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Soil Science
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Precision agriculture demands high-resolution soil property data.
  • Proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy offers a novel approach for soil analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy for predicting soil properties.
  • Compare energy-windows and full-spectrum analysis methods.
  • Assess performance in conventional and organic sandy loam fields.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy.
  • Applied energy-windows and full-spectrum analysis.
  • Analyzed soil samples from conventional and organic fields at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths.

Main Results:

  • Good prediction accuracy (R2 ≥ 0.56) for clay, pH, and total nitrogen in the top 0-15 cm of conventional fields.
  • Total nitrogen prediction reached R2 = 0.75 using the energy-windows method in conventional fields.
  • Prediction accuracy was higher in the top 0-15 cm soil layer compared to 15-30 cm.
  • Energy-windows and full-spectrum analysis showed comparable accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy is effective for soil characterization in precision agriculture, particularly for seedbed conditions.
  • The energy-windows method is as accurate as full-spectrum analysis for predicting soil properties.
  • Distinguishing subtle soil structure differences (conventional vs. organic) remains a challenge.