Physico-chemical characterization and biological response of Labeo rohita-derived hydroxyapatite scaffold

The chemically treated Labeo rohita scale is used for synthesizing hydroxyapatite (HAp) biomaterials. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses of fish scale materials reveal the different phase changes with temperature and find out the suitable calcination temperatures. The composition and structures of wet ball-milled calcined HAp powders are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The EDX as well as chemical analysis of fish scale-derived apatite materials confirms that the Ca/P ratio is 1.71. The compressive stress, hardness and porosity have been evaluated on sintered HAp biomaterials. The cell attachment on HAp surfaces, cytotoxicity evaluation and MTT assay, which are carried out in RAW macrophage-like cell line media demonstrate good biocompatibility. The histological analysis also supports the bioaffinity of processed HAp biomaterials in Wistar rat model for investigating the contact reaction and stability at the artificial or natural prosthesis interface.