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Inbreeding is associated with lower 2D: 4D digit ratio.

Baris Ozener1, Peter L Hurd, Izzet Duyar

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Consanguineous marriages are linked to lower, more masculine 2D:4D ratios in offspring, indicating altered prenatal hormonal environments. This inbreeding effect also increased digit ratio variability, suggesting broader developmental impacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Human genetics
  • Developmental biology
  • Anthropometry

Background:

  • Consanguineous marriage increases offspring risk for recessive Mendelian disorders.
  • Inbreeding's effects on complex traits, potentially via developmental instability and loss of heterozygosity, are less understood.
  • Increased developmental noise is hypothesized as a consequence of inbreeding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct effect of inbreeding on the 2D:4D ratio.
  • To assess 2D:4D as a potential indicator of prenatal hormonal environment changes due to consanguinity.
  • To explore inbreeding's impact on complex morphological traits.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of 2D:4D ratios between consanguineous and control student groups.
  • Inclusion of both male and female participants (122 males, 108 females consanguineous; 142 males, 122 females controls).
  • Analysis across both hands and sexes to identify consistent patterns.

Main Results:

  • Consanguineous parentage was consistently associated with lower, more masculine-typical 2D:4D ratios.
  • Digit ratios were 1.3–1.9 times more variable in the consanguineous group compared to controls.
  • Lower family income correlated with more masculinized digit ratios, though socioeconomic status did not fully explain the observed effects.

Conclusions:

  • Consanguineous marriages are associated with altered fetal environments impacting morphological development.
  • The observed changes in 2D:4D ratios may suggest associated behavioral sequelae.
  • Inbreeding appears to influence complex traits beyond rare Mendelian disorders.