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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.

Viral Structure

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...

Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein core structure.

Leopold Kong¹, Erick Giang, Travis Nieusma

¹Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 30, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoproteins were structurally analyzed, revealing a compact form unlike predicted models. This finding offers crucial insights for developing new Hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs and vaccines.

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

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Published on: June 26, 2014

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Area of Science:

Virology
Structural Biology
Immunology

Background:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes significant liver disease, including cirrhosis and cancer.
HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 are critical for viral entry and are key targets for immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the structural basis of the HCV E2 core protein.
To identify the CD81 receptor binding site and its relationship to antibody epitopes.

Main Methods:

X-ray crystallography was used to determine the structure of the E2 core bound to antibody AR3C.
Electron microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis were employed to map the CD81 binding site.

Main Results:

The crystal structure revealed a compact E2 core architecture, distinct from previous predictions.
The CD81 receptor binding site was identified and found to overlap with the broadly neutralizing antibody AR3C epitope.

Conclusions:

The determined E2 structure provides a novel understanding of HCV entry mechanisms.
These structural insights are valuable for designing effective HCV therapeutics and vaccines.