Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.2K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.2K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

43.1K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
43.1K
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

18.1K
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
18.1K
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

1.2K
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
1.2K
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

12.5K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
12.5K
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

5.2K
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
5.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Association between gestational weight gain and metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in the ETCHED cohort.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Comparative analysis of low-dose letrozole versus GnRH agonist on implantation markers and IVF outcomes in symptomatic adenomyosis: a randomized trial.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Impact of Localization of Diffuse Adenomyosis on Frozen Embryo Transfer Outcomes and Perinatal Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study of 585 Patients.

Gynecologic and obstetric investigation·2025
Same author

Low-dose letrozole - an effective option for women with symptomatic adenomyosis awaiting IVF: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Reproductive biomedicine online·2023
Same author

Two chair test: a substitute of 6 min walk test appear cardiopulmonary reserve specific.

BMJ open respiratory research·2020
Same author

Pregnancy and Live Birth Rates Are Comparable in Young Infertile Women Presenting with Severe Endometriosis and Tubal Infertility.

Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)·2020
Same journal

Correction to "Mathematical Modelling of COVID-19 Transmission in Kenya: A Model with Reinfection Transmission Mechanism".

Computational and mathematical methods in medicine·2025
Same journal

RETRACTION: Ligustrazine Inhibits Lung Phosphodiesterase Activity in a Rat Model of Allergic Asthma.

Computational and mathematical methods in medicine·2025
Same journal

RETRACTION: Delivery of miR-224-5p by Exosomes from Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Potentiates Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Computational and mathematical methods in medicine·2025
Same journal

RETRACTION: Empirical Analysis of the Nursing Effect of Intelligent Medical Internet of Things in Postoperative Osteoarthritis.

Computational and mathematical methods in medicine·2025
Same journal

RETRACTION: Evaluation and Analysis of the Intervention Effect of Systematic Parent Training Based on Computational Intelligence on Child Autism.

Computational and mathematical methods in medicine·2024
Same journal

RETRACTION: Humanistic Spirit Training of Medical Students Based on Multisource Medical Data Fusion.

Computational and mathematical methods in medicine·2024
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites
09:31

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Published on: March 22, 2016

17.3K

Complex codon usage pattern and compositional features of retroviruses.

Sourav RoyChoudhury1, Debaprasad Mukherjee

  • 1School of Information Technology, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal 711103, India ; School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India.

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
|November 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retroviral codon usage is primarily shaped by nucleotide composition, not translational selection. This suggests mutational bias influences how these viruses evolve their genetic code.

More Related Videos

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

15.3K
Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells
13:07

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells

Published on: January 30, 2019

9.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites
09:31

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Published on: March 22, 2016

17.3K
Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

15.3K
Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells
13:07

Determining 3'-Termini and Sequences of Nascent Single-Stranded Viral DNA Molecules during HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in Infected Cells

Published on: January 30, 2019

9.2K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), pose significant global health challenges.
  • Some retroviruses serve as potential gene transfer vectors in research and therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate synonymous codon usage patterns in retroviruses.
  • To determine the primary evolutionary forces (compositional constraints vs. translational selection) shaping these patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Multivariate statistical analysis of open reading frame (ORF) sequences from 56 retroviruses.
  • Analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU).
  • Application of the Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) to identify optimal codons.

Main Results:

  • Nucleotide compositional constraints appear to be the principal determinant of retroviral codon usage patterns.
  • Translational selection plays a secondary role in shaping codon usage.
  • Four codons (GAA, AAA, AGA, GGA) were significantly frequent across most retroviral genes.
  • Cluster analysis indicated that phylogenetically related retroviruses evolved codon usage concertedly, influenced by nucleotide composition.

Conclusions:

  • Mutational bias likely dominates translational selection in shaping retroviral codon usage.
  • Specific codons are preferred across diverse retroviral groups.
  • Phylogenetic relatedness correlates with concerted evolution of codon usage driven by nucleotide composition.