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Updated: May 5, 2026

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
Published on: September 29, 2016
A users' guide to understanding therapeutic substitutions
Edward J Mills1, David Gardner2, Kristian Thorlund3
1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 43 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Canada K1N6X1; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (C2E2), University of British Columbia, 828 West 10th Ave, Research Pavilion, Vancouver, Canada, V5Z 1M9.
Abstract:
Therapeutic substitutions are common at the level of ministries of health, clinicians, and pharmacy dispensaries. Guidance in determining whether drugs offer similar risk-benefit profiles is limited. Those making decisions on therapeutic substitutions should be aware of potential biases that make differentiating therapeutic agents difficult. Readers should consider whether the biological mechanisms and doses are similar across agents, whether the evidence is sufficiently valid across agents, and whether the safety and therapeutic effects of each drug are similar. This article uses a problem-based format to address the biological mechanism, validity, and results of a scenario in which therapeutic substitutions may be considered.
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Therapeutic Index
Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...