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Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...

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Updated: May 5, 2026

Fabrication of Small Caliber Stent-grafts Using Electrospinning and Balloon Expandable Bare Metal Stents

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Nitric oxide-eluting nanocomposite for cardiovascular implants.

Achala de Mel¹, Noora Naghavi, Brian G Cousins

¹Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK.

Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine

|December 3, 2013

Summary

This study shows that incorporating S-nitrosothiols (SNAP/GSNO) into POSS-PCU grafts releases nitric oxide (NO), improving endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) adhesion and reducing platelet adhesion for better cardiovascular implant performance.

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Cardiovascular Engineering
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Cardiovascular implants face challenges like thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia before endothelialization.
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health, regulating vascular tone and inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate nitric oxide (NO) release profiles from S-nitrosothiols (SNAP/GSNO) embedded in polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(carbonate-urea)urethane (POSS-PCU) coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG).
To assess the interaction of NO-eluting grafts with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), smooth muscle cells, and platelets under physiological conditions.
To evaluate the anti-thrombogenic and cell-interaction properties of these NO-eluting grafts.

Main Methods:

Incorporation of S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) into POSS-PCU grafts at varying concentrations (1, 2, 3 wt%).
Measurement of NO release under static (Griess assay) and dynamic pulsatile flow (amperometric probe) conditions.
Assessment of anti-thrombogenic properties using thromboelastography.
Evaluation of cell interactions (EPCs, platelets) via Alamar Blue™ assay and scanning electron microscopy.

Main Results:

Optimal NO elution was achieved with 2 wt% SNAP incorporated into POSS-PCU grafts.
Static and dynamic NO release measurements differed, highlighting the importance of hemodynamic conditions.
The 2 wt% SNAP-POSS-PCU graft exhibited anti-thrombogenic effects and promoted greater EPC adhesion while reducing platelet adhesion.

Conclusions:

POSS-PCU grafts functionalized with SNAP demonstrate controlled NO release, crucial for improving hemocompatibility.
The NO-eluting grafts show promise in mitigating thrombosis and enhancing endothelial progenitor cell integration, addressing key challenges in cardiovascular implant design.