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Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats

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Functional neuroanatomy of tics.

Irene Neuner¹, Frank Schneider, N Jon Shah

¹Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmBH, Juelich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Germany.

International Review of Neurobiology

|December 4, 2013

Summary

Haloperidol

Keywords:

Basal ganglia Connectivity Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit Inhibition SMA Tics Tourette

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurology
Psychiatry

Background:

Tourette syndrome (TS) was historically misattributed to psychological origins.
Therapeutic success of haloperidol shifted focus to neurobiological underpinnings.
The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit is implicated in TS pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

To review structural and functional neuroimaging findings in Tourette syndrome.
To explore the neurobiological correlates of tic generation and persistence.
To identify future research directions for understanding and treating TS.

Main Methods:

Review of structural neuroimaging studies (MRI).
Analysis of functional neuroimaging data (fMRI, PET).
Examination of findings across multiple brain regions including cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

Main Results:

Identified structural alterations in various brain regions in individuals with TS.
Functional neuroimaging suggests a cortical origin for tic generation.
Observed patterns of brain connectivity may differentiate tic persistence from remission.

Conclusions:

Neuroimaging evidence supports a neurobiological basis for Tourette syndrome, originating in cortical areas.
Future research should focus on connectivity patterns to understand tic trajectory.
Understanding dysconnectivity may lead to targeted pharmaceutical or neurofeedback interventions.