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Related Concept Videos

Electric Flux01:15

Electric Flux

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The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area. More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field within an area. For a better understanding, consider an open rectangular surface with a small area that is placed in a uniform electric field. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence, the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field (represented by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. On the other hand, if...
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Calculation of Electric Flux01:25

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Consider the electric field of an oppositely charged, parallel-plate system and an imaginary box between those plates. Let the bottom face of the box be ABCD, and the top face be FGHK. The electric field between the plates is uniform and points from the positive plate toward the negative plate. The calculation of this field's flux through the box's various faces shows that the net flux through the box is zero. Why does the flux cancel out here?
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The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
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Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Computational and Experimental Approaches in Precision Oncology
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Canalization: what the flux?

Tom Bennett1, Geneviève Hines1, Ottoline Leyser1

  • 1Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|December 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polarized auxin transport, crucial for plant development, relies on PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins. Further experimental research is needed to refine mathematical models of auxin transport and canalization.

Keywords:
auxinauxin transportcanalizationmathematical modelingself-organization

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Polarized transport of the hormone auxin is essential for plant development.
  • Auxin canalization, a self-organizing transport pattern, is implicated in vascular patterning and shoot branching.
  • Current mathematical models, including those based on PIN-FORMED (PIN) carrier localization, explain aspects of auxin transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key areas requiring experimental advancement for improved auxin transport models.
  • To address limitations in understanding auxin transport biology.
  • To explore the potential for a unified model of auxin transport phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing literature on auxin transport mechanisms.
  • Examination of current mathematical models of auxin transport.
  • Identification of biological lacunae limiting theoretical progress.

Main Results:

  • Significant gaps exist in understanding the biological underpinnings of auxin transport.
  • Experimental validation is crucial for refining existing models and developing new ones.
  • Progress towards a unified model of auxin transport is currently hindered by biological uncertainties.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental advances in auxin transport biology are necessary to drive theoretical progress.
  • Addressing these biological lacunae is key to developing next-generation auxin transport models.
  • The possibility of a unified auxin transport model remains contingent on future experimental findings.