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In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Sperm Collection of Differential Quality Using Density Gradient Centrifugation

Sperm Collection of Differential Quality Using Density Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: November 29, 2018

Sperm retrieval techniques.

Daniel H Shin¹, Paul J Turek

¹Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

Nature Reviews. Urology

|December 4, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sperm retrieval procedures help treat male infertility caused by azoospermia. Advanced techniques like microdissection testicular sperm extraction (TESE) improve sperm yield in difficult cases, aiding assisted reproduction.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Urology
Genetics

Background:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has utilized sperm retrieval since 1992 for male infertility due to azoospermia.
Obstructive azoospermia allows sperm harvesting from the vas deferens, epididymis, and testicle via straightforward procedures.
Nonobstructive azoospermia presents retrieval challenges, with only 50% of men yielding clinically usable sperm.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current sperm retrieval methods for azoospermia.
To highlight techniques for maximizing sperm yield in nonobstructive azoospermia.
To discuss factors influencing the success of surgically retrieved sperm in assisted reproduction.

Main Methods:

Review of percutaneous and open sperm retrieval procedures.
Description of multibiopsy testicular sperm extraction (TESE), microdissection TESE, and map-guided TESE.
Discussion of sperm DNA integrity, surgical expertise, and andrology laboratory factors.

Main Results:

Sperm retrieval is standard for obstructive azoospermia.
Advanced TESE techniques are employed for nonobstructive azoospermia.
Sperm viability varies based on anatomical source and cryopreservation.

Conclusions:

Sperm retrieval techniques are crucial for treating azoospermia.
Optimizing sperm yield in nonobstructive azoospermia remains a challenge.
Multiple factors beyond retrieval technique impact assisted reproduction outcomes.