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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Storage01:23

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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
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The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis: encoding, storage and persistence.

Tomonori Takeuchi1, Adrian J Duszkiewicz, Richard G M Morris

  • 1Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, , 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|December 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synaptic plasticity, the ability of brain connections to change, is essential for forming and storing memories. New neuroscience techniques confirm that altering synaptic strength is a key mechanism for memory storage in the brain.

Keywords:
dopamineengraminitial consolidationlong-term potentiationmemorysynaptic plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis posits that activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is crucial for memory formation and storage.
  • Establishing the necessity and sufficiency of synaptic plasticity for memory trace storage requires rigorous criteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review criteria for demonstrating the necessity and sufficiency of synaptic plasticity in memory trace storage.
  • To integrate new findings from contemporary neuroscience techniques with existing evidence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established criteria for synaptic plasticity and memory.
  • Analysis of new research employing optical imaging, molecular-genetic, and optogenetic techniques.
  • Integration of behavioral analyses with advanced neuroscience methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Evidence from optical imaging, molecular-genetic, and optogenetic studies supports the role of synaptic plasticity in memory.
  • New research continues to validate the hypothesis that changes in synaptic strength are fundamental to memory engram storage.
  • Diverse contemporary neuroscience techniques provide robust support for synaptic plasticity as a core memory mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is a necessary and sufficient mechanism for memory encoding and trace storage.
  • The strength of connections between neurons is a primary mechanism for storing memory engrams.
  • Contemporary neuroscience techniques offer compelling evidence for the synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis.