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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
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A Comparison of In Vivo Cellular Responses to Cs-137 Gamma Rays And 320-kV X Rays.

B R Scott1, K M Gott, C A Potter

  • 1Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM.

Dose-Response : a Publication of International Hormesis Society
|December 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study compared X-rays and Cs-137 gamma rays in mice. X-rays were more effective at killing bone marrow cells, while gamma rays caused greater spleen and bone marrow damage long-term.

Keywords:
RBEX raysbone marrowcytotoxicitygamma rayssplenocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Radiobiology
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Understanding the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different radiation types is crucial for radiation therapy and radiation protection.
  • X-rays and gamma rays are commonly used in medical imaging and treatment, necessitating comparative studies of their biological effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the in vivo effectiveness of 320-kV X rays versus Cs-137 gamma rays.
  • To evaluate two endpoints: early cytotoxicity (24 hours) and late reconstitution deficits (6 weeks) in mouse bone marrow and spleen.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-body exposure of C.B-17 mice to X-rays and Cs-137 gamma rays.
  • Assessment of bone marrow cell and splenocyte cytotoxicity at 24 hours post-exposure.
  • Evaluation of bone marrow and spleen reconstitution (repopulation) at 6 weeks post-exposure.

Main Results:

  • Cytotoxicity dose-response curves exhibited negative curvature, suggesting mixed populations of radiosensitive and resistant cells.
  • The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of X-rays versus gamma rays for bone marrow cell cytotoxicity was > 1, but < 1 for splenocytes.
  • Reconstitution deficits showed threshold dose-response relationships, with gamma rays being more effective in causing long-term damage.

Conclusions:

  • X-rays and gamma rays exhibit differential effectiveness on hematopoietic stem cells and immune cells, depending on the endpoint and time of evaluation.
  • The complex cytotoxicity suggests a heterogeneous cell population within the bone marrow and spleen.
  • Gamma rays appear more potent in inducing long-term bone marrow and spleen reconstitution deficits compared to X-rays.