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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus
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Reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells.

Jong Soo Kim1, Hyun Woo Choi, Sol Choi

  • 1Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.

International Journal of Stem Cells
|December 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer a promising alternative to embryonic stem (ES) cells for regenerative medicine. This review discusses reprogramming techniques and mechanisms, highlighting challenges for clinical application.

Keywords:
Cell fusion hybridEmbryonic stem cellInduced pluripotent stem cellPluripotencySomatic cell nuclear transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Cellular reprogramming

Background:

  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells possess pluripotency but face ethical and immunological challenges for cell therapy.
  • Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer an alternative, derived from somatic cells.
  • Reprogramming somatic cells into iPS cells overcomes ES cell limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current nuclear reprogramming techniques.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of reprogramming induced by transcription factors.
  • To highlight challenges in iPS cell technology for clinical use.

Main Methods:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer into oocytes.
  • Cell fusion with pluripotent cells.
  • Retroviral transduction of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc transcription factors.

Main Results:

  • Successfully reprogrammed somatic cells into iPS cells with ES cell-like characteristics.
  • iPS cells exhibit similar gene expression, cell biology, and phenotypes to ES cells.
  • Identified low reprogramming efficiency and viral integration-induced genomic alterations as major drawbacks.

Conclusions:

  • iPS cells are a valuable alternative to ES cells for regenerative medicine.
  • Further research is needed to improve reprogramming efficiency and safety for clinical applications.
  • Understanding reprogramming mechanisms is crucial for advancing cell-based therapies.