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Related Concept Videos

Self-Esteem and Culture01:26

Self-Esteem and Culture

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Self-esteem, a core psychological construct, is intricately shaped by cultural context and varies significantly between collectivist and individualistic societies. In collectivist cultures such as Japan, self-esteem tends to be flexible, context-sensitive, and influenced by relationships. A Japanese student, for instance, may show restraint in formal settings like school but behave more openly among close friends, reflecting the flexible and dynamic nature of self-concept in such...
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Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

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Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
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Cultural Influences on Personality01:26

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Individualist and collectivist cultures emphasize different core values, shaping personality in distinct ways. In individualist cultures, such as those in the United States, England, and Australia, people prioritize independence, competition, and personal achievement. These societies tend to promote self-focused traits, with individuals often reporting higher levels of self-esteem. In contrast, collectivist cultures, commonly found in regions like Asia, Africa, and South America, emphasize...
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Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...
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Implicit personality theory explains how individuals make assumptions about the relationships between personality traits, behaviors, and character types. When people learn that someone possesses a particular trait, they tend to infer the presence of other related characteristics, forming a cohesive impression. This cognitive shortcut plays a crucial role in social interactions and interpersonal judgments.Central Traits and Their InfluenceSolomon Asch's seminal 1946 study highlighted the power...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
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Are implicit self-esteem measures valid for assessing individual and cultural differences?

Carl F Falk1, Steven J Heine, Kosuke Takemura

  • 1University of California, Los Angeles.

Journal of Personality
|December 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Explicit self-esteem measures are more valid than implicit measures across cultures and experimental conditions. Implicit self-esteem measures lack validity for individual and cross-cultural comparisons, suggesting no stable implicit self-associations.

Keywords:
Cross-Cultural PsychologyImplicit AttitudesPersonalitySelf-Esteem

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cultural Psychology
  • Self-Esteem Research

Background:

  • Implicit self-esteem is conceptualized as either a global automatic reaction or a context-specific construct.
  • Previous research has explored the validity of implicit self-esteem measures with varying results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the validity of implicit self-esteem measures across different cultural groups.
  • To examine the validity of implicit self-esteem measures under various experimental manipulations.
  • To compare the validity of implicit versus explicit self-esteem measures.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Assessed implicit/explicit self-esteem and criterion measures in Euro-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and Japanese participants.
  • Study 2: Evaluated implicit/explicit self-esteem measures in Americans under control, self-concept, or self-competence priming conditions.
  • Utilized popular and improved implicit self-esteem measures, alongside self-report and independent ratings for criteria.

Main Results:

  • Explicit self-esteem measures demonstrated significantly higher validity than implicit measures.
  • This finding held true across all cultural groups examined in Study 1.
  • The superior performance of explicit measures was also consistent across all experimental manipulations in Study 2.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit self-esteem measures are not valid for individual or cross-cultural assessment.
  • The findings suggest that individuals may not form consistent implicit associations with the self as an attitudinal object.
  • Future research should reconsider the utility and interpretation of implicit self-esteem measures.