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Infecting resistant hosts accelerates pathogen evolution, favoring effector genes. Preventing repeated infections of resistant hosts is crucial to avoid selecting for adaptive pathogens.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Microbial evolution
  • Bacterial adaptation

Background:

  • Pathogen adaptation is key for host colonization.
  • Host resistance may impose stronger selective pressures on pathogens.
  • Effector genes are critical for pathogen virulence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how host resistance influences pathogen evolution.
  • To determine if resistant hosts accelerate evolution of effector genes in pathogens.
  • To test the hypothesis that host resistance biases selection toward effector genes.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental evolution of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) over 55 generations.
  • Inoculation of Xcc in susceptible (grapefruit) and resistant (kumquat) plant hosts.
  • Whole-genome sequencing of parental and descendant Xcc strains.

Main Results:

  • Pathogen isolates from resistant hosts (kumquat) evolved reduced hypersensitive response (HR) elicitation.
  • Fixed mutations in resistant-host adapted isolates were biased toward type three secretion system (TTSS) effector genes.
  • Parallel evolution in independent resistant-host adapted isolates indicated selection, not random drift.

Conclusions:

  • Resistant hosts accelerate pathogen evolution by selecting for advantageous mutations in effector genes.
  • Experimental evolution in resistant hosts drives rapid adaptation in pathogens.
  • Preventing repeated infections of resistant hosts can mitigate the selection of adaptive pathogens.