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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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Virus Variation Resource--recent updates and future directions.

J Rodney Brister1, Yiming Bao, Sergey A Zhdanov

  • 1National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.

Nucleic Acids Research
|December 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Virus Variation is a web resource for accessing large virus sequence datasets. It offers enhanced search, annotation, and analysis tools for influenza, Dengue, and West Nile viruses.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Virology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Accessing and analyzing large virus sequence datasets is crucial for understanding viral evolution and disease.
  • Existing resources often lack comprehensive annotation, advanced search capabilities, and integrated analysis tools.
  • The need for a unified, user-friendly platform for diverse viral genomic data is evident.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present Virus Variation, a comprehensive web-based resource for virus sequence data retrieval and display.
  • To enhance the usability and functionality of viral sequence data management and analysis.
  • To integrate and expand resources for influenza, Dengue, and West Nile viruses, with future scalability for new viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Development of value-added databases with consistent protein and gene annotation using controlled vocabularies.
  • Implementation of metadata-driven, web-based search interfaces for selecting sequences based on biological and clinical criteria.
  • Integration of sequence data download options and a multiple sequence alignment viewer.

Main Results:

  • Combined and enhanced existing influenza and Dengue virus resources, adding West Nile virus.
  • Improved sequence annotation and database loading pipelines for data consistency.
  • Updated search interfaces with advanced functions and new sequence download features.

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced Virus Variation resource offers improved usability for accessing and analyzing large virus sequence datasets.
  • The platform's architecture supports the future inclusion of additional virus types.
  • These advancements facilitate more effective research in virology and infectious disease.