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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Typhoid and paratyphoid infections disproportionately impact impoverished populations. Advances in diagnostics and a new human challenge model are crucial for controlling these global enteric fevers.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Global Health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi cause enteric fever, primarily affecting impoverished communities.
  • Accurate burden of illness estimation is hampered by limited surveillance data, with recent concerns regarding high infection rates in Africa and paratyphoid dominance in some regions.
  • Diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific symptoms and low test sensitivity, compounded by an incomplete understanding of infection mechanisms and lack of suitable animal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in estimating the burden of enteric fever.
  • To highlight the critical role of improved diagnostic tests in controlling Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi infections.
  • To report the development of a novel human challenge model for typhoid infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in enteric fever research.
  • Analysis of surveillance data and diagnostic challenges.
  • Description of a newly developed human challenge model for typhoid.

Main Results:

  • Enteric fever remains a significant cause of morbidity, especially in Southeast Asia, with emerging concerns in Africa.
  • Current diagnostic methods for enteric fever lack sensitivity and specificity.
  • A new human challenge model has been developed to study typhoid infection.

Conclusions:

  • Enteric fever represents a substantial, underestimated global health problem.
  • Urgent need for control strategies incorporating accurate, affordable diagnostics and effective vaccines.
  • The human challenge model is expected to accelerate the development of these crucial interventions.