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Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

Homologous Recombination

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...

Homologous Recombination

Homologous Recombination

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Recombineering Homologous Recombination Constructs in Drosophila

Recombineering Homologous Recombination Constructs in Drosophila

Published on: July 13, 2013

Recombination between mutant cauliflower mosaic virus DNAs.

I S Choe¹, U Melcher, K Richards

¹Department of Biochemistry, Oklahoma State University, 74078, Stillwater, OK, U.S.A..

Plant Molecular Biology

|December 6, 2013

Summary

Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) mutants were classified by their ability to cause disease symptoms. Recombination analysis revealed viral DNA repair mechanisms, including heteroduplex repair and strand-switching during reverse transcription.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
Plant Pathology

Background:

Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a plant pathogen with a DNA genome.
Understanding CaMV DNA replication and recombination is crucial for controlling viral diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To classify CaMV mutants based on their ability to induce symptoms.
To investigate the mechanisms of DNA repair and recombination in CaMV.

Main Methods:

Coinoculation of different CaMV mutants on plants.
Restriction enzyme digestion of viral DNA.
Restriction analysis of cloned viral DNA fragments.

Main Results:

Three classes of CaMV mutants were identified based on symptom induction.
Viral DNA from diseased plants showed loss of mutant alleles.
Recombination analysis revealed DNA heterogeneity consistent with heteroduplex repair and strand-switching.

Conclusions:

CaMV recombination involves complex repair mechanisms.
These findings contribute to understanding CaMV genetic diversity and evolution.