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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Signaling pathways dictating pluripotency in embryonic stem cells.

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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain pluripotency through specific signaling pathways. Inhibiting Extracellular Related Kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) signaling and expressing KLF4 may establish true ESCs across mammals.

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A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening
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Area of Science:

  • * Developmental Biology
  • * Stem Cell Biology
  • * Molecular Biology

Background:

  • * Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess pluripotency, the ability to differentiate into various cell types.
  • * Maintaining ESC pluripotency is crucial for developmental biology and regenerative medicine.
  • * Signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating ESC pluripotency across mammalian species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review the role of signaling pathways in regulating ESC pluripotency in diverse mammalian species.
  • * To explore the structural basis of divergence in pluripotency-modulating signaling pathways using a phylogenetic approach.
  • * To identify key molecular mechanisms underlying ESC pluripotency.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review focusing on signaling pathways regulating ESC pluripotency.
  • * Application of a novel phylogenetic approach to analyze conserved and divergent signaling mechanisms.
  • * Analysis of molecular components involved in pluripotency maintenance.

Main Results:

  • * Inhibition of Extracellular Related Kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) signaling is identified as a key regulator of ESC pluripotency.
  • * A phylogenetic analysis reveals structural divergence in signaling pathways across species.
  • * KLF4 expression and ERK signaling inhibition are highlighted as crucial for establishing and maintaining pluripotency.

Conclusions:

  • * ERK 1/2 signaling inhibition is a conserved mechanism for maintaining ESC pluripotency.
  • * The transcription factor KLF4, alongside ERK inhibition, is hypothesized to promote true ESC establishment and maintenance in mammals.
  • * Understanding these pathways offers insights into stem cell applications and species-specific differences.