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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Potentiation of Anticancer Antibody Efficacy by Antineoplastic Drugs: Detection of Antibody-drug Synergism Using the Combination Index Equation
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The interplay between the immune system and chemotherapy: emerging methods for optimizing therapy.

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Certain chemotherapies can hinder anticancer immunity by promoting immune-suppressing cells and inflammatory signals. Understanding these dual effects is crucial for developing effective combination cancer therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Anticancer therapies can activate the immune system by releasing danger signals from dying tumor cells.
  • Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have shown potential in engaging the immune system against cancer.
  • Recent findings suggest chemotherapy's complex and sometimes contradictory impact on anti-tumor immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dual effects of 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine on anticancer immune responses.
  • To understand how these chemotherapies influence immunosuppressive cells and immune signaling pathways.
  • To inform the design of combination therapies involving chemotherapy and immunomodulators.

Main Methods:

  • Preclinical studies in tumor-bearing rodents.
  • Analysis of the effects of 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine on myeloid-derived suppressive cells.
  • Assessment of cytokine release (IL-1β) and T cell populations (IL-17-producing CD4 T cells).

Main Results:

  • 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine selectively eliminated myeloid-derived suppressive cells in rodents.
  • These chemotherapies also promoted the release of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β).
  • The chemotherapies led to the development of pro-angiogenic interleukin-17-producing CD4 T cells.

Conclusions:

  • Chemotherapy exhibits ambivalent effects on anticancer immune responses, necessitating careful consideration.
  • Understanding these conflicting immune effects is vital for optimizing combination therapies.
  • Translating preclinical findings on the immune system's role in chemotherapy efficacy to human therapies is a key future direction.