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Structure of Lipids

Structure of Lipids

Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.

Degree of Unsaturation

Degree of Unsaturation

The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

The relative stability of alkenes can be determined by comparing their heats of hydrogenation. The lower heat of hydrogenation indicates the more stable alkene. The three main factors determining the relative stability of alkenes are i) the number of substituents attached to the double-bond carbon atoms, ii) hyperconjugation, and iii) the stereochemistry of the double bond.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera

Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera

Published on: August 3, 2018

Polyunsaturated hydrocarbons in the stable fly.

D A Carlson¹, J W Mackley

¹Insects Affecting Man and Animals Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 32604, Gainesville, Florida.

Journal of Chemical Ecology

|December 7, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified three unsaturated hydrocarbons in stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). These compounds, including (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene, were found in both male and female flies but did not attract them.

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Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Published on: August 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Entomology
Insect Chemical Ecology
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Cuticular lipids play crucial roles in insect communication and physiology.
Hydrocarbons, particularly unsaturated ones, are known components of insect cuticles.
Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) are significant pests of livestock and humans.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and synthesize specific triply-unsaturated hydrocarbons from stable fly cuticular lipids.
To investigate the presence and distribution of these identified triolefins in male and female stable flies.
To determine if these triolefins play a role in the olfactory attraction of stable flies.

Main Methods:

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for identification of cuticular hydrocarbons.
Chemical synthesis of identified triply-unsaturated hydrocarbons: (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene, (Z,Z)-1,7,13-tetracosatriene, and (Z,Z)-1,7,13-tricosatriene.
Analysis of stable fly samples from diverse conditions (age, season, origin, rearing) for triolefin presence.

Main Results:

Three triply-unsaturated hydrocarbons were identified in the cuticular lipids of male and mixed-sex stable flies.
The major identified compound was (Z,Z)-1,7,13-pentacosatriene, with minor amounts of C24 and C23 analogues.
Females contained small quantities of the same C25 triolefin found in males; no attraction to synthetic or natural triolefins was observed in either sex.

Conclusions:

The identified triolefins are components of stable fly cuticular lipids, present in both sexes.
The synthesized triolefins did not demonstrate any attractive properties for male or female stable flies.
Further research may be needed to elucidate the precise function of these triolefins in stable fly biology.