Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

515
Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
515
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

423
The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
423
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

17.9K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
17.9K
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

4.7K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
4.7K
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

41.7K
According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
41.7K
Structure of Self01:29

Structure of Self

921
Sigmund Freud's model of the human psyche is often illustrated using an iceberg analogy. The iceberg's visible tip represents the conscious mind, which includes thoughts and perceptions that individuals are immediately aware of. However, the larger, submerged portion of the iceberg represents the unconscious mind, a reservoir of repressed desires, instincts, and memories. According to Freud, human behavior is primarily shaped by this hidden realm.
Components of the Mind: Id, Ego, and...
921

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluating cardioversion outcomes for atrial fibrillation on novel oral anticoagulants versus warfarin: experience at a tertiary referral centre.

Irish journal of medical science·2017
Same author

Does DCD Donor Time-to-Death Affect Recipient Outcomes? Implications of Time-to-Death at a High-Volume Center in the United States.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2016
Same author

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation·2015
Same author

Eleven interpretations of personal suffering.

Journal of religion and health·2013
Same author

Platelet reactivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comparative analysis with survivors of myocardial infarction and the role of glycaemic control.

Platelets·2011
Same author

The significance of donor-specific HLA antibodies in rejection and ductopenia development in ABO compatible liver transplantation.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2011
Same journal

A Decade Apart: Reciprocal Links Between Spiritual Mindfulness, Sense of Control, and Well-Being in Middle and Older Age Americans.

Journal of religion and health·2026
Same journal

"Touching Beyond the Body": A Qualitative Study of Spiritual Care Experiences among Hemodialysis Nurses in Türkiye.

Journal of religion and health·2026
Same journal

Analyzing Male Infertility Through the Lens of Religiosity and Spirituality Among Muslim Men in Pakistan.

Journal of religion and health·2026
Same journal

Addressing Spirituality and Religion in Mental Health Graduate Coursework: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Faculty Infusion Strategies in the United States.

Journal of religion and health·2026
Same journal

Facing Mortality: Spiritual Needs, Psychological Distress, and Death Anxiety in Hemodialysis Patients in Eastern Turkey.

Journal of religion and health·2026
Same journal

Christian Congregations as Sites of Response to Community Substance Use Issues: An Exploratory Needs Assessment Survey of Clergy in North Carolina, USA.

Journal of religion and health·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

13.7K

The self ideal versus the model ideal.

D P Foley1

  • 1, .

Journal of Religion and Health
|December 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored personal ideals in 74 women preparing for lifelong commitment. Findings identified two key perceptual structures: the self ideal and the model ideal, influencing motivational attitudes.

More Related Videos

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
07:01

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Published on: March 1, 2019

7.5K
Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
08:27

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

6.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

13.7K
Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
07:01

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

Published on: March 1, 2019

7.5K
Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
08:27

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

6.1K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Understanding personal ideals is crucial for relationship commitment.
  • Previous research has not fully delineated the structures of personal ideals in this context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct and administer a measure of personal ideals.
  • To identify underlying motivational principles and perceptual structures related to personal ideals.
  • To differentiate between the self ideal and the model ideal.

Main Methods:

  • A list of 50 ways of perceiving one's personal ideal was developed.
  • The measure was administered to 74 women prior to making a lifelong commitment.
  • Item analysis was conducted to assess the discrimination indices of the items.

Main Results:

  • The average number of endorsed items was 28.
  • 28 items showed discrimination indices significant at the .05 level.
  • Attitudes were grouped under six motivational principles: dominant relationship, closeness, growth, valuational center, similarity, and realism.
  • Two opposing perceptual structures, the self ideal and the model ideal, were identified.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified and differentiated two core perceptual structures of personal ideals.
  • These structures, the self ideal and the model ideal, are linked to distinct motivational principles.
  • The findings offer insights into the psychological underpinnings of commitment and personal ideals.