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Related Concept Videos

Action Potentials01:41

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
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A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Activity-dependent adaptations in inhibitory axons.

Cátia P Frias1, Corette J Wierenga

  • 1Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|December 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain synapses constantly adapt to maintain balance. This review explores how activity-dependent changes in inhibitory axons impact synapse formation and plasticity, crucial for stable neural networks.

Keywords:
GABAergic synapsesaxonscell adhesion moleculeshomeostatic plasticityinterneurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Brain synapses undergo continuous change throughout life.
  • Neuronal networks maintain stability via homeostatic and activity-dependent adaptations.
  • A balance between neural excitation and inhibition is critical for brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental evidence on activity-dependent changes in inhibitory axons.
  • To discuss factors influencing the formation and plasticity of inhibitory synapses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies on inhibitory axons.
  • Analysis of in vitro and in vivo data.
  • Examination of axonal dynamics and presynaptic terminal structures.

Main Results:

  • Activity-dependent changes occur in inhibitory axons.
  • Axons dynamically share presynaptic material.
  • Internal and external factors influence inhibitory synapse plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Inhibitory axons exhibit activity-dependent plasticity.
  • Vesicle sharing and molecular interactions regulate inhibitory synapse formation and stability.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to comprehending neural network function.