Introduction and perspective, historical note

Area of Science:

• Pharmacology
• Neuroscience
• Cell Biology

Background:

• P2 nucleotide receptors, classified into P2X and P2Y families in 1985, were confirmed by cloning and transduction studies in the early 1990s.
• P2X receptors are ion channels with seven subtypes, forming homo- or heterotrimers.
• They play roles in neurotransmission, neuromodulation, smooth muscle contraction, secretion, and immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the pathophysiology of P2X receptors.
• To explore the therapeutic potential of P2X receptor modulators (agonists and antagonists).

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on P2X receptor research.
• Analysis of P2X receptor involvement in various physiological and pathological processes.
• Examination of therapeutic strategies targeting P2X receptors.

Main Results:

• P2X receptors are implicated in neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders.
• They are involved in visceral and neuropathic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and diabetes.
• P2X receptors are relevant to kidney failure, bladder incontinence, cancer, and disorders of sensory systems, airways, skin, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems.

Conclusions:

• P2X receptors represent a significant area for therapeutic intervention.
• Targeting P2X receptors offers potential treatments for a wide range of diseases.
• Further research into P2X receptor pathophysiology and pharmacology is warranted.