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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning
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Self-organizing map models of language acquisition.

Ping Li1, Xiaowei Zhao

  • 1Department of Psychology and Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA.

Frontiers in Psychology
|December 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-organizing connectionist models offer new insights into language development. These models advance understanding of monolingual and bilingual acquisition, connecting computational approaches with behavioral and neural data.

Keywords:
SOMage of acquisitionconnectionismcross-language priminglanguage acquisitionlexical aspectvocabulary spurt

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Area of Science:

  • Computational linguistics
  • Cognitive science
  • Developmental psychology

Background:

  • Connectionist models have significantly influenced language theories.
  • Early models utilized parallel distributed processing (PDP) architecture.
  • Recent advancements explore diverse models, including self-organizing systems for language acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review self-organizing connectionist models for language acquisition.
  • Present simulation experiments based on these models.
  • Explore their application to debates in language development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of self-organizing connectionist models.
  • Conducting simulation experiments.
  • Analyzing model outputs in relation to language development theories.

Main Results:

  • Self-organizing connectionist models provide valuable insights into language development.
  • Demonstrated applicability to both monolingual and bilingual acquisition.
  • Highlighted the potential for integrating computational models with empirical data.

Conclusions:

  • Self-organizing connectionist models offer a powerful framework for understanding language acquisition.
  • Future extensions can bridge computational, behavioral, and neural data.
  • These models can generate testable predictions for psycholinguistic theories.